Family issues becoming social problems Essay

Family, as what sociologists address, is a social establishment. Families are molded by the family members’ character. Singular individuals influence their relationship that is extraordinarily affected by understanding. Families are additionally influenced with the other social establishment in the general public like law, religion and instruction. In this way, families are liable to changes whether these progressions gave preferences and weaknesses, the family needs to adapt up and make modifications. Inability to do so will influence society and social issues may emerge. This wind and turns have been very clear as the time cruises by. Single guardians, careerist moms, missing dads, and live-in accomplices are accused as the underlying driver of a significant number of society’s issues that could prompt persevering destitution, tranquilize misuse, scholastic disappointment or out-of-school adolescents, and adolescent wrongdoing. This can be followed back to the early society that calls for chronicled perspective(Steven Mintz, 2003). History of the American Family In 1920, greater part of American families are the customary kind; the dad is the provider, the spouse is the home-creator and the youngsters go to the school. Undesirable pregnancies occurred somewhere in the range of 1940 and 1958. Groups of the 1950s are portrayed by increment in birth rate, a steady separation rate, and the period of marriage decrease. During the early and at the center of the nineteenth century, separate from rate started to increase due to its administrative request to be sanctioned. Spousal and kid misuse gave rise and this can be reflected with the expansion in attacks and murders submitted against family members and relatives. Most noteworthy separation cases occurred toward the start of the twentieth century. Single child rearing, youngsters in halfway house, newborn child mortality and early widowhood are different changes occurred in the past years(Steven Mintz, 2003). Family gives turning out to be social issue Divorce and single child rearing From the perspective of a few, separate means that disappointment of American family. In any case, for other people, it is seen as an indication of opportunity from men that ladies do appreciate. After World War II, it is archived that the pace of separation expanded and these might be a sign of the changing perspectives and job of ladies in the general public and their should be liberated from social and money related reliance upon men. Be that as it may, the sensational increment of separation rate has enormously influence the prudent and social strength experienced by the majority of the separated from ladies that caused social issue for the financial prosperity of the separated from ladies and the youngsters are exceptionally undermined. By and large, ladies acquire less pay than men, family units that headed by the separated from ladies are additionally impeded, likewise, the absence of sufficient and predictable youngster support added to the monetary situation of separated from ladies (Dennis L. Peck). Spousal Abuse Among the reason for brutality between couples are: contrariness between them which they found after the marriage and such distinction emerges when there is incredible difference and hostility between them, the couple is under pressure and disappointment in this manner burst it out to each other and finally, if the spouse is a masochist or extremely unbalanced or very provocative(Rudi Dallos). Kid misuse and disregard A youngster that isn't appropriately taken minded of, not appropriately took care of, denied of essential necessities, legitimate clinical consideration and treatment, and a lot of physical maltreatment is an infringement to the child’s government assistance and is considered as a criminal conduct. Adolescent Delinquency According to an investigation, broken homes are related with adolescent wrongdoing. Levels of adolescent misconduct were a lot higher in youngsters living with single parents and least among adolescents living with the two guardians and one of the intriguing purposes behind this is because of deficient parental association in the life of the kid. The absence of direction and the nonattendance of cozy connections between the youngster and guardians added to the reasons for the delinquency(Crystal L. Murry). Monetary pressure Financial pressure can legitimately and in a roundabout way influence youngsters since it increments parental mental and enthusiastic misery, which confines a parent’s ability to react delicately and reliably to their children’s needs. All the more explicitly, guardians that are all the more generally saw among low-salary populaces have practices of parental cruelty, non-responsiveness, and irregularity and are expected to emerge to a limited extent from the significant levels of parental pressure that go with neediness. Guardians having low pay tend to neglect to communicate their warmth and neglect to react to their child’s needs. (H. Abigail Raikes). Gay and Lesbian Families Sigmund Freud saw homosexuality as an upset psychosexual improvement wherein the social direction of the youngster is because of its relationship with their folks. Clinicians, just as different experts structure different teaches, for example, endocrinology and hereditary qualities have contemplated and found other potential reasons for homosexuality (Dennis L. Peck). Previously, same-sex families were incomprehensible. Be that as it may, in 1980s, the circumstance started to change and have changed the perspectives on family life for gays and lesbians. Because of financial autonomy of ladies of lesbian families, the clinical advances of in-vitro treatment and sex transplant, acknowledgment of gays and lesbians by selection offices and courts, arranged gay and lesbian child rearing had expanded enormously however during the late 1980s and mid 1990s, there was contention about same-sex families, especially kid raising by gays and lesbians. Answers for Problems Having time for the family will be useful in reinforcing the family and organizations giving adaptable working calendar will be of extraordinary assistance. The intensity of media has extraordinary effect on the adolescent; thusly, they should put forth attempt on depicting positive perspectives on marriage and esteeming training. The guardians ought to be mindful to their child’s learning all through school. No-flaw separate from enactment sets up marital property that ought to be partitioned by the two gatherings, doling out the child’s care, and granting divorce settlement. Open correspondence is significant so issues and clashes can be tended to inside the individuals from the family. These days, it is adequate that the two guardians are attempting to help the monetary needs of the family yet ensure that there is despite everything time for unwinding and holding of the relatives particularly during extraordinary events. There are likewise government organizations, insurance agency, law offices and experts that offer legitimate and money related help for the youngster, mate and senior that are casualties of abusive behavior at home.

A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay Essays

A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay Essays A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay Fitting to this hypothetical record any worry has 4 stages during its life beat. These stages are: Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline. In the introduction stage an organization simply begins offering its new product or administrations in the market. At this stage the organization may the solitary 1 in the market or its administrations or stocks may be entirely new. In the period of developing the organization needs to do monstrous investings for the selling and innovative work of the product with the goal that the product can turn competitory in the market. The period of adulthood the bend of the business life beat gets compliment and the pace of developing eases back down. There are extremely scarcely any houses in this stage where the worry monster has a little rivalry from the new comers in the business. Finally the decrease phase of the existence mood is about unavoidable if there are no normal advancements are done in the product or administration. In this stage the gro ss incomes decrease at a truly walk. Each organization, industry or concern experiences every one of these stages throughout their life beat yet there are extremely scarcely any organizations which have seen the adulthood stage. Air Arabia is one of those organizations of the UAE which is in the period of adulthood. The organization is viewed as in the period of adulthood as it satisfies all the requests to be in the stage. Air Arabia is the biggest air power organization that offers the least winging cost. The plan of cost limiting and disparagement by expanding the figure of flights is to determine manageable competitory bit of leeway in the business and competitory fringe over the new contestant rivals. Bing in the phase of adulthood of the business life musicality the organization Air Arabia must cabin to its ease conveyor benefits and concentrated on the present concern hypothetical record. Air Arabia has caught the majority of the worry centers of the Middle East and North Afr ica part which has a potential creating market and planned developing for the air power industry and LCCs. The worry plan of the organization ought to non be just trying for chopping down the operational expense to flexibly low financial worth conveyor however to gracefully support which is progressively booked, helpful, more finishs it covers, and acts in cut. Investigation of the Air Arabia dependent on Michael Porter s five Competitive Forces : Hazard of New Entrants The passage of new organization in the business impacts the opposition situation in the business. The air power industry has a high strength of overall gains so it might pull matches in the market. These new contestants may be danger for the Air Arabia air power organization which is the pioneer in the LCCs. These dangers may be in footings of better administrations, lower cost of product and administrations. Air Arabia is a decent settled, productive and best organization in the business so it would be difficult for the new section to drag out in the market. The obstruction of passage in the business is other than truly elevated as a result of the gigantic expense of set uping the worry. The worry needs 1000000s of 1000000s dollars to be contributed to set up an organization. The expense of an airplane is around $ 2 one million millions and to compete with the Air Arabia the adversaries needs to run the air hose requiring little to no effort and offering better customer administrati ons. Air Arabia has an exchange name and customer genuineness in the worry which gives it competitory preferred position over the new contestants in the business. Haggling Power of Suppliers Each industry and concern requests normal stuff to create their finishing up product or administration and this common stuff is made accessible by the suppliers. These suppliers can follow up on the total compensation engaged with the business by changing the expense or nature of the characteristic stuff. Hence the dealingss with between the producer and suppliers become of import for the business. The air hose industry has extremely explicit suppliers for the worry. One is the airplane creation organizations like Boeing and Airbus and fuel suppliers. On account of scarceness of the suppliers of airplanes and constrained creation of units the suppliers can order the fiscal qualities and trading force will be higher with them. The fuel suppliers other than control the expense of the tickets of air hoses. This power is a threat for the Air India as the suppliers has more force so the organization. Trading Power of Buyers This power is more grounded noticeable all around hose industry in the Middle East and North Africa part. The buyers have higher intensity of trading for minimal effort, and better administrations. The situation is a direct result of the enormous figure of choices accessible to the riders and the figure of riders going in the LCCs is truly elevated which will affect the worry on a huge graduated table. As a result of the handiness of a few choices of ease air hoses and the establishment of the internet commitment of air tickets the customers have numerous adaptable choices accessible. So to debilitate this power of buyers the organization hour edge to keep the nature of administrations and the expense of the administrations ought to be kept insignificant in the business. In any case this power will other than move as a danger for the organization. Danger of a Substitute Products or Servicess Substitutes for the air hose industry are prepares or driving cars however handiness and possibility of these substitutions shifts from part to part. Vehicles and trains may be substitute for the territorial and neighborhood flights however they can non supplant worldwide minimal effort flights. So the intensity of this power other than contrasts in parts like in Europe where going with trains is simpler and less expensive the hazard will be higher yet in UAE where the train establishment is non acceptable and in view of the hot and dry clime going with cars is other than non potential flights are the best alternative as it is increasingly advantageous and cut economy. So the intensity of power will be feeble at that spot and odds of concern will be higher. Competition among existing houses Noticeable all around power the opposition degree is truly elevated between arranged air hose organizations. In the Middle East and North Africa part there are numerous global air hoses in the business. Every one of these organizations are pulling customers by providing best customer administrations, best airplanes and most minimal money related an incentive in the business. However, the Air Arabia has been set up in the part for the past numerous mature ages and keeping the spot of pioneer in the LCC air hoses. Business-Level Strategy The qualification plot requires the turn of events and advancement in the nature of product or administrations. These stocks are offered to customers with better and alone highlights which are completely unique and progressed from the adversaries. The peculiarity in the administrations will increase the value of them and this worth might be charged as a premium money related estimation of the administration by the organization. Air Arabia has been the pioneer f the LCCs for as far back as three mature ages. Presently the organization can use is exchange name an incentive to conceal the abundance cost of the sole administrations by the customers. The alone properties of the administrations gave via Air Arabia will have the option to hold up under down some overabundance dollars from the customers if the suppliers increment the expense of their stocks. The present concern plan of Air Arabia is cost centered ; it offers types of assistance at as far as possible cost conceivable in the b usiness and is taking the LCC business for as long as 3 mature ages. The organization should now increase the value of its administrations. These worth included administrations might be better customer administration, quick creation and propelled designing. Yet, in the event that the organization will design this new concern conspire alongside its exchange name picture so the threats and failings can be survived. To be effective with the qualification plan of concern an association may hold certain qualities: Utilization of best and progressed logical and innovative develops. Master and capable work power for creating esteem included stocks or administrations. Net saless crew ought to be talented bounty to disseminate the propelled qualities and usefulness of the product. Brand picture and notoriety to better quality and advancements. Incentive in the administration and product can be made by executing following stairss in the worry: Bringing down Buyers Costss Improved quality will limit the chances of occupations in the administrations and in this manner the expense of buyer will other than get decreased. Raising Buyers Performance The main point of expanding the nature of administrations is to engage the customers with better administrations and permit them loll the administration. Manageability The uniqueness and notoriety of the stocks will make hindrances and high move cost. Risks of Using a Differentiation Strategy Hazards associated with using qualification plot noticeable all around hose industry are high. Opponents of Air Arabia can get down duplicating its anxiety hypothetical record or gustatory sensations and requests of customers may modify actually regularly which may free the worth the administration so the administration will require modifications thusly. Useful Level Schemes Inward examination Plan of action Strategic, Values, and Goal Air Arabia is the taking house in the field of minimal effort bearers with the mission of upsetting the air travel in the Middle East and North African part. The assault of the organization will be new and propelled which will offer administrations satisfying to the full estimation of cash of customers. To achieve the crucial the organization it will use low menu tasks to turn the productivity of the association. The crews of the Air Arabia will be amazingly inspired for customer fulfillment which will exhibit the most noteworthy models of tasks and will pull off the ope

Can You Be Addicted to Self-Improvement

Can You Be Addicted to Self-Improvement Happiness Print Can You Be Addicted to Self-Improvement? By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Updated on August 04, 2019 More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Areas of Self-Improvement Signs of a Problem Could You Be Addicted? Steps to Take View All Back To Top Self-improvement can be wonderful for our well-being by helping us live our best lives. Its natural to want to keep up with our peers, to feel productive in our daily lives, and to live in a meaningful way with others. However, the fear of not being or doing these things can create in us an overwhelming urge to continually seek improvement. We look around and notice what other people are doing and make assumptions that it is what we should be doing as well. We see or hear advertisements for self-improvement programs that are pushing an idea that we adopt and take in as our own. It can be easy to get a bit lost and overwhelmed in all of this and yet, no matter how much time we are spending on self-improvement, feel like we are never doing enough. Areas of Self-Improvement Illustration by Brianna Gilmartin, Verywell You might be looking around your life and noticing a few different areas you might like to improve. With the self-improvement industry being as big as it is, you can rest assured you are not alone in your quest for living well! There tend to be five main areas that come up most often when considering self-improvement, including: Health and fitness: Weight loss, increasing exercise, lowering blood pressureSelf-care: Increasing efficiency, decreasing procrastination, meditationMental health: Mindfulness, gratitude, reducing anxietyRelationships: Dating, overcoming breakups, finding loveEducation and/or career: Job searching, promotions, career exploration Within each of these areas, there are a variety of ideas on how we can improve our lives well beyond the examples listed here. At every turn, we are bombarded with messages of how we can do or be better, how to increase certain things and decrease others, and how to be more of something or less of something. Wanting to Improve Isn't a Bad Thing Your desire to want to live well is not inherently bad. In fact, we are designed to grow and learn, continuing this from cradle to the grave. Not improving can lead us to feel stagnant in our lives, marginalized or feeling as if we might, socially, be left behind. As human beings, we want to make sure we are doing what we can to avoid those fears playing out in our lives. Self-improvement can feel like the key to making sure we are keeping up or even leading the pack. Signs of a Problem Time The time spent on self-improvement can be one of the more obvious ways to know when it is getting to be too much. A dedicated period of time carved out for self-improvement every week, month, or year can be healthy and still allow for you to live your life. When our self-improvement efforts become something that consumes the majority of our free time, we can start to feel overwhelmed by them. You might even find that yourself backing out of social gatherings, events, and obligations to focus on your self-improvement. When you find yourself not honoring previously scheduled engagements or falling short of obligations at work or home as a result of your focus on self-improvement, it can be a signal that youre allowing it to control too much of your life. Lack of Focus There is a difference between laying out specific goals and feeling aimless in our attempts to be better. When we dont have a focus, we dont know where we are going or the action steps necessary to get there. In those cases, all we know is that we dont want to stay where we are. When our self-improvement efforts feel aimless and have us jumping from one area to the next in our lives, that can be a cue to let us know it may be getting out of hand. Impulsive Decision Making Just as with other habits, self-improvement can feel exciting. As more and more programs are created and made available to us on a variety of topics, it can feel tempting want to purchase the next new program or participate in the latest coaching program. What makes it even more tempting is that most self-improvement programs are offered in the form of quick downloads, remote coaching programs, social media, and apps, with a world of options available for us to purchase and use whenever we want. The more we find ourselves purchasing or enrolling in programs at every whim, it can signal we are having a hard time controlling our decision-making in the area of self-improvement. Never Feeling Satisfied Wanting to improve ourselves and live great lives is not a bad thing. However, when all of our efforts are focused on improving our thoughts, behaviors and, generally speaking, our lives, we can start to wonder if there is anything good to celebrate about who we are? When self-improvement starts to feel cumbersome, it can feel as if the message we are continually sending to ourselves is that we are never enough. Not only can this feel overwhelming and exhausting at times, but it can lead us to feel a bit hopeless that well ever hit the mark or be enough. How to Properly Measure Personal Development Goals Shame What happens when someone is constantly telling you all the ways you need to improve? It can lead us to feel shame that we are disappointing them or not measuring up. When our self-improvement efforts are taking up all of our free time and seem to be never-ending, we can cause ourselves to feel that level of shame as well. There is no time to take an inventory of our gifts, talents, or what we are doing well when all we are focused on are the areas where we seem to be lacking or falling short and need to improve. Could You Be Addicted? Just because we place importance on self-improvement doesnt necessarily mean that we are addicted. When looking at elements of addiction, mental health expert Dr. Gregory Jantz, Ph.D. suggests to consider questions such as: Does the behavior take priority over the other things in my life that are important?Does doing these things make me feel better or more in control?Does not doing them make me feel bad or out of control?Do I lose track of time when doing them?Do I tend to do things like this longer than I originally planned?Do I get uncomfortable or anxious when I cant do them or think about not doing them?Has my behavior around this disrupted my life or relationships?Do I keep coming back to these same behaviors no matter how much I try to cut back or stop? With these questions, we are looking at the general elements of addiction that could be applied to a variety of behaviors. If you can look through these and identify ways in which your efforts of self-improvement might apply, it may be time to reflect and consider taking action. Common Signs of Addictive Behavior Steps to Take Slow down Taking time to reflect and examine the ways in which self-improvement seems to take over your life can be very helpful. Doing this can allow you to better understand how these otherwise positive behaviors seem to be turning into something that is preventing you from living your best life. Again, we can focus so much on areas we would like to improve, but we lose sight of things to enjoy and celebrate. It can also prevent us from being present in our lives and in our relationships. Take a look at how much time and money you spend on self-improvement. Does it feel like you are always looking for tips, tricks, and ways to improve yourself? You may even want to take a moment to reflect on how your behaviors might be impacting others around you. Do your efforts of self-improvement seem to deter people from making conversation with you or do people close to you seem to feel frustrated that you are always giving them suggestions on how they can improve as well? Self-Acceptance In our efforts to continually improve, we can end up sending ourselves the message that we are not enough, that we are lacking, or that we are not valuable and worthy just as we are. As you take time to slow down and look at all that you are trying to improve, it can be helpful to allow yourself to look at ways you are doing life well and give yourself credit for growing and learning. Accepting ourselves does not mean that we stop growing. It simply means that we are able to look at the big picture and acknowledge the strengths along with the areas we would like to improve and reassure ourselves that we have value without needing to be perfect. The more we practice self-acceptance, the more we allow others around us to do the same. As you learn various methods or tips for self-improvement, it can feel easy to become excited and want to share this information with others around you. Although sharing the information may be helpful and appreciated, over time, it may leave others feeling more insecure about their own abilities and strengths and decrease their level of self-acceptance. Be Present The self-improvement industry survives in making us feel that we are falling behind, arent enough, or that we need to rush to be better, stronger, more efficient, or more powerful. As we seek to grow, we can easily be pulled away from being fully present in our lives, looking at the people and situations that would benefit from having our energy and time. In practicing self-acceptance and slowing down the rush to constantly improve, we can enjoy our lives more fully. Stay mindful of your specific goals and steps to get there, giving the process real purpose so that you dont feel aimless or fruitless in your efforts to live your best life. Practice Mindfulness and Gratitude When we are always looking for ways to improve ourselves and our lives, it can be easy to overlook all that is going well and the things we can appreciate in our lives right now. Intentionally practicing mindfulness and gratitude can be helpful in learning how to focus on what is in front of us and to take inventory of what we can feel grateful for in our lives. People have various ways of practicing mindfulness and gratitude, such as: Morning meditation or prayerQuiet relaxation outsideKeeping a gratitude journalProgressive relaxationMeasured breathingYoga, stretching or other gentle body movements Mindfulness Exercises for Living in the Present Value Your Strengths Self-improvement suggests that we have an area of our lives that needs improving, or that we have a trait or behavior that needs to be improved. Although this may be true, since we are not perfect and always have areas we can improve in, it does not mean that we dont have any strengths or positive qualities, traits, or behaviors. If you have focused on self-improvement for quite some time and feel as if it may be taking over your life too much, it may be a good time for you to intentionally identify your strengths. Consider how you can use your existing strengths in creative ways. Do you need help identifying your strengths? You can use a tool such as the Values in Action Inventory, which is an assessment that ranks our top 25 strengths.

Teachers of the Inner Chambers Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 765 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: Teacher Essay Did you like this example? China argues that the increase in female literacy during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties allowed elite women to create a rich culture and space of their own even under the constraints of Confucian code. During this time, socioeconomic and intellectual changes in the gentry community enabled women to become more visible in a male dominated world, and to also expand their accepted gender roles often bending what was considered appropriate for the prestigious woman. The most important of changes, specified by Ko, included a flourishing of commercial printing, the rise of a reading public especially among girls and women, a new emphasis on emotions, the newfound importance of womens education, and, the emergence of new definitions of womanhood.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century" essay for you Create order One of the first major advents of female literacy was that they now had a social world of other readers that they could interact with. Instead of staying at home and only taking care of their house and family, many women were now reading poetry and stories, and had other women to discuss the literature with. This helped build up interpersonal relationships and social circles that most likely would not have existed before literacy. On top of the social aspects of literacy, it also gave many women a chance to find a mental escape from their daily lives. Now, women could immerse themselves in the worlds of stories or in the flowing verses of a poem. While in the past, many women that were either talented or educated would find their husbands in arranged marriages an unfit partner, at least intellectually. These women could now seek out other likeminded women to cope with the situation they were in, instead of carrying the burden alone. The ideas within this book are very similar to Marg ery Wolf’s essay on the uterine family and female communities. Even in Seventieth century China, woman found solace and support in other women around them. As female literacy increased, so too did the woman’s place in China. Besides being able to read and having social circles of likeminded readers, women were now bringing money into the house, often on levels equal to or surpassing their male counterparts. This social status increase made many men uncomfortable, so more importance was put on the idea of beauty (mei) when it came to womanhood, even among those women who were educated. These labels and the obsession with beauty in women came forth out of need to create order out of â€Å"gender confusion.† Despite the need to further define the male and female spheres, women were able to enter the public realm without jeopardizing their roles as dutiful, virtuous wives. One notable woman in Ko’s histories was Lu Shengji; a poet who was in a â€Å"phoenix and crow† marriage. She was an intelligent, respectable woman who married a man that was of gentry pedigree but otherwise unremarkable. Because she was a loyal wife, obedient daughter, and a member of the gentry herself she was considered respectable, but despite that, she was remembered for her poetry and not for her husband or values. Literate women like Lu Shengji negotiated between their Confucian calling to be a domestic woman and their potential to support their families through their public professions. Often, this was accepted among the community because women were able to justify their public profession in Confucian rhetoric of fulfilling their wifely duties. On top of their emerging success as writers, many educated women used foot binding to embrace femininity. Foot binding became increasingly popular in the seventeenth century and would remain a part of Chinese culture well into the twentieth century. While the process made their feet severely handicapped, this gave them gentry women a release from household work and allowed them to focus more on their preferred endeavors. Foot binding was perpetuated almost solely with the help of women themselves. Because of this new idea of beauty and privilege, mothers would bind their daughter’s feet at a young age. The idea that foot binding meant safety, education, and a good life for their daughters meant women would uphold the tradition for centuries. Without the cooperation of women, foot binding would not have lasted as long as it did. Because of this, Ko explains, women were now spending their time reading. They came to understand how much power the Confucian tradition gave them as a domestic guardian. Instead of laboring around the house, they could use their knowledge to change things around them. By being vigilant in their Inner Chambers, women could restructure the public and private domains that they existed within.

Analysis Of The Documentary Inside Job - 1576 Words

The documentary, â€Å"Inside Job† is divided in five sections in which it provides a detailed examination of the changes done in the government and the banks that were responsible for the generation of the global financial meltdown that took place in Fall of 2008. This crisis cause millions of jobs and home losses for many American citizens. As well, it caused a deep economic recession. The analysis of the causes of economic crisis of 2008 was a great realization for anyone that was affected, or not affected. We as the audience, realize a lot of things that are revolving around us and we do not realize it. For example, the AAA rating can be hidden from us by connecting investments from a high risk firms to stable firms. Citizens are to believe that AAA rating is the safest way to detect if the company is safe to invest in, but the truth is that the AAA rating do not actually tell if the companies are safe enough to invest in because of all the Ponzi schemes the company has done and pay people to place a good word in their AAA rating. The thing that you are more surprised with the realizations of how the system works is the those who advise the companies concerning their financial actions are the ones teaching in business schools and universities to be bias and that their advice should always benefit the companies at the end. The expectation of society is that teachers are responsible to teach their students and help them be better citizens to the nation and not be corrupted.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Documentary Inside Job Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe documentary â€Å"Inside Job† offers its viewers with a thorough and thoughtful analysis of the 2008 financial crisis, which eventually led to the Great Recession that later cost the world ten trillion dollars and thirty million jobs. Almost all major economist as well as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agree that the recession is the worst global recession that has ever happened since the Great Depression of the 1930s. What caused the financial crisis to happen? The origin of the crisis, theRead MoreAn Ethnography Of Wall Street986 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussed in the documentary Inside Job, the males in corporations featured tended to be impulsive risk takers which can be related to the idea of â€Å"doing masculinity†. 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Examples of the documentaries created are Anatomy of a Collapse, 9/11 Commission Report, Loose Change, Pentagon Strike, and The 9/11 Conspiracies: Fact or Fiction. These documentaries include personal testimonies, analysis from both professional (experts in different fields) and nonprofessionals, and governmental documents. Architect and EngineersRead MoreWaste Land: All about Vik Muniz1040 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The documentary â€Å"Waste Land† is about Vik Muniz, an artist known for his series of amazing and creative images made from sugar, chocolate syrup, pigment, dirt and peanut butter. He started using different materials from garbage for his art and through his art he tried to help the pickers of the largest landfills near Rio de Genaro. In this analysis I also implement French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan’s view about the society and culture. Jacques Lacan criticized the society and cultureRead MoreThe Inside Job, By Charles Ferguson Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pages In his documentary â€Å"The Inside Job†, Academy-Award winning filmmaker Charles Ferguson attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the financial crisis of 2008. In creation of the documentary, Ferguson performed extensive research on the underlying causes of a â€Å"global financial disaster† which many claim could have easily been avoided. The documentary provides interviews with financ ial insiders and advisers, many in ways that portray the wealthy bankers and executives on Wall Street, and thoseRead MoreRepercussions of the Global Economic Crisis: Analysis of Inside Job1873 Words   |  7 Pagesthe crisis. The film industry is probably the most relevant example in this sense, with some notable crisis inspired films including Inside Job (2010), Capitalism: A Love Story (2009), Up In the Air (2009), Collapse (2009), Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010) or Too Big to Fail, 2011 (Dietz, 2011). 2. Inside Job and social justice Inside Job is a 2010 documentary film directed by Charles Ferguson and narrated by Matt Damon, in which the focus falls on the effort to explain how the crisis wasRead MoreEating Disorders : A Well Known Secret817 Words   |  4 Pageseating disorders are highly recognized amongst the general public. From the numerous after school specials to the headlines on various gossip magazines accompanied by underweight starlets, the issues of eating disorders is a hard one to ignore. The documentary I chose to watch is one called Dying to Be Thin directed and produced by Larkin McPhee. This compelling picture focuses on eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia in relation to teenage girls and young women in the United States. Before watchingRead MoreAssisted Suicide Should Be Legal1130 Words   |  5 Pagesperson have the right to end their own life? That is the main debate behind assisted suicide. Assisted suicide is a very secret, but surprisingly available option for suffering people. The documentary The Suicide Plan focuses on the people who believe assisted suicide should be legal. The documentary takes us inside the hidden world of assisted suicide, as seen through the eyes of the people considering it. Assisted suicide is only legal for terminally ill patients in Oregon and Washington. Individuals

Current Issues Between the Native Americans Free Essays

The four groups that I have chosen for identifying their linguistic, political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions and statues of Hispanics groups living in the United States are Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and South Americans. To start with they all speak Spanish yet they do have different dialects depending on where they are located. I have had experience with the Cubans personally and the Mexican American personally everything else I have learned from our research. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issues Between the Native Americans or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mexican American population is the largest minority group in America. There are many Mexican Americans that do not speak Spanish at all and only speak English, but these are the ones that were usually born in the United States. There are also some that are bilingual and then there are some that do not know English until they start school. The Mexican Americans are also active in the civil rights movements, from workers rights to voting rights. Their social status is poor due to lack of education and they are strongly tied to their families. Families are very large and extended family is just as important as immediate family members. Most are Catholics and their religion is very important to them, but there are some that are protestant. Mexican Americans tend to take low paying jobs and this means that they work in mining, agriculture, transportation and ranching. Puerto Rico’s Linguistic background is strongly defined by Spanish and English. Most Puerto Ricans speak both languages fluently and use it in everyday life for work and play. Puerto Rico’s political division is the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), which supports the commonwealth rank for the island; has been the leading political party since 1940. Their has been a large decline in the popularity of the PPD over the years but it is still remains the island’s main political party. Their families are very close just like all of the other Hispanic groups. Family life and the amount of time they spend with their family is very important to the Puerto Rican society as well as other Hispanic groups. They usually live close to family members and attend church together, which is a very important part of their culture. They are generally Roman Catholics and their culture has a heavy influence on African and Spanish beliefs and traditions. When it comes to Cubans who are generally located in Florida or that region and they migrated here to be freed from Fidel Castro. Like the other Hispanic groups the Cubans have very large families and are very close to all members including extended family members. Cuban Americans are generally affiliated with politically with Jewish Americans and are known for their powerful conservative ethics. How to cite Current Issues Between the Native Americans, Essay examples

Extend Profits, Not Product Lines Essay Example For Students

Extend Profits, Not Product Lines Essay Extend Profits, Not Product LinesMarket SegmentationTo compete successfully in todays volatile and competitive business markets, mass marketing is no longer a viable option for most companies. Marketers must attack niche markets that exhibit unique needs and wants. Market segmentation is the process of partitioning markets into groups of potential customers with similar needs or characteristics who are likely to display similar purchase behavior. Market segmentation is the foundation on which all other marketing actions can be based. It requires a major commitment by management to customer-oriented planning, research, implementation, and control. The overall objective of using a market segmentation strategy is to improve your companys competitive position and better serve the needs of your customers. Some specific objectives may include increased sales, improves market share, and enhanced image. The authors, John A. Quelch and David Kenny do confess the lure of product line extensions. Line extensions come closer to meeting the needs of smaller and smaller market groups. Such products allow for something different. They sanction pricing breadth, aiming higher prices at select markets, with superior quality. They aid in fixing the excess capacity many firms are experiencing today. They offer short-term (short-lived) gain at low cost, catering to the desires of todays managers. They help to assure sufficient shelf space. Product line extensions also help to meet retailers demands, providing packaging that will suit their particular marketing needs. Product OptimizationToday, more than ever, the ability to develop and launch new products successfully and quickly is the key to business success. What makes a new product a success? What can be done to improve the odds of winning at new products in your company?A highly regarded success factor is product superiority. Premium products that deliver real and unique benefits to users are far more successful that me too products. It is impossible to pursue every market opportunity so you must make strategic choices based on customer needs, competitive opportunities, corporate objectives, and your firms financial, technical, and marketing resources. Product PositioningYou may accomplish an effective position by searching out unique marketing advantages, seeking new market segments that competitors are not, or developing new approaches to old problems. Your position must be based on real (e.g., lower cost, superior quality) or intangible (e.g., company reputation) competitive advantage. Product positioning is an important strategy for achieving differential advantage. Positioning reflects the place a product occupies in a market or segment. A successful position has characteristics that are both differentiating and important to consumers. Every product has some sort of position-whether intended or not. Positions are based upon consumer perceptions, which may or may not reflect reality. A position is effectively built by communicating a consistent message to consumers about the product and where it fits into the market-through advertising, brand name, and packaging. Positioning is inextricably linked with market segmentation. You cant define a good position until you have divided the market into unique segments and selected your target segments. Brand Equity and Image AssessmentThe most important assets of any business are intangible-including its base of loyal customers, brands, symbols, and slogans-and the brands underlying image, personality, identity, attitudes, familiarity, associations, and name awareness. These assets-along with patents, trademarks, and channel relationships-comprise brand equity, and are a primary source of competitive advantage and future earnings. The brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the origin of the goods or services-and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitors. A brand signals to the customer the source of the product-and protects both the customer and producer from competitors who would attempt to provide products that appear to be identical. .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 , .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .postImageUrl , .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 , .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:hover , .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:visited , .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:active { border:0!important; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:active , .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83 .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u940c113550bcc0bd2d0bd66fe9953a83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A good man is hard to find EssayBy developing strong and consistent images, well-regarded brands generate hidden assets-or brand equity-that give them distinct advantages. Brand equity is a form of wealth that is closely related to what accountants call goodwill. A brand is a promise made to its customers and shareholders. Promises that are kept yield loyal customers and produce steady streams of profits. Brand equity is initially built by laying a foundation of brand awareness-eventually forming positive brand images-and is ultimately maximized by high levels of brand loyalty. Brand image is everything. It is the sum of all tangible and intangible traits-the ideas, beliefs, values, prejudices, interests, features, and history that make it unique. A brand image visually and collectively represents all internal and external characteristics-the name, symbol, packaging, literature, signs, vehicles, and culture. Its anything and everything that influences how a brand or a company is perceived by its target constituents-or even the individual customer. Brand image may be the best, single marketable investment a company can make. Creating or revitalizing a positive brand image is a basic component of every business-and lays a foundation on which companies can build their future. With this in mind, it is critical to the welfare of the business that a line extension idea is efficiently evaluated-success being assured-before takeoff. It is obvious why line extensions can be so tempting and are so popular, but too often the additions to the line do not receive the careful management essential. Product line extensions do serve as a fine decoy, but up they are often not as charming. Many times line extensions confuse customers, yielding weak line logic. They lower brand loyalty by inviting customers to try something different from what they have been using all along, which is the real definition of brand loyalty. Managers may actually harm a potentially profitable idea by thinking short-term risk management instead of long-term capacity. Line extensions fail to increase demand; you are not encouraging more frequent use of the product, instead you are dispersing the consumer over the entire category. When customers are not able to make sense of the product and are unclear about its benefits, it tends not to sell. Retailers do not have shelf space to spare for slow-moving products. Often times extensions are underexpl oited product ideas and they may give a competitor the opportunity to develop his or her own strategy. On top of it all, they tend to carry with them hidden costs including poorly focused application, production complexities, logistics complexities, higher supplier costs, and deviation from research and development of new products. In illustration of how to create a profitable, workable market strategy, the authors use a snack foods company, Snacko. An action agenda is proposed in an attempt to harmonize the conflicting motives. Improve cost accounting; understand and evaluate the absolute and incremental costs associated with production and distribution. Balance support to benefit winners; try to stay away from favoring core brands. Research consumer behavior; you want to learn how the customer perceives and uses each item. Apply a line logic test; make sure that your salespeople are able to state a strategic role for each item in the product line. Coordinate marketing efforts acro ss the line; in an effort to be more clear and convincing, price your brand consistently. Work with channel partners; develop teams within the firm so that you can work efficiently at producing a winning product. Expect product line turnover; anticipate product line deletions-keep it simple or you will incur costs. Manage the deletions; deletions allow for the better management of new items, but be aware of costs associated with taking a product off the line. Ultimately, it comes down to what you know. You need to be aware of how marketing is done effectively and efficiently. Check your motives-are you in this business for quick cash or to satisfy. There is a lot of money to be made out there, but if you are not careful, there is just as much-or more-money to be lost. It is no longer about your share of the shelf space-its about profit. .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a , .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .postImageUrl , .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a , .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:hover , .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:visited , .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:active { border:0!important; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:active , .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua2238f31b6a7d6cd8b71af8168d4946a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: harley davidson inc EssayMarketing Essays

Contract Types The Uniform Commercial Code

Free Essays on Theory of Evolution

Theory of Evolution Today’s human being is the product of millions of years of trial and error through the process of evolution. Charles Darwin was the first to bring fourth the idea of evolution. His theory involved the instance of natural selection. However he could not explain exactly how natural selection worked, he just knew that it existed. The scientific world was much more receptive than the religious world to this idea. Many scientists questioned the precision of his theory but they did believe something similar was involved. The devout Christians believed man was merely placed here by God, that there was no ladder to climb for man to be what he is today. In addition to the numerous amounts of fossils found to back up the theory of evolution, science draws similarities between man and his closest relatives the primates, which consist of monkeys, chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas. Primatology is the study of these primates and their relationship to the human race. Evolution i s the most logical explanation for mans place on earth. Though all religions have their own theory of creation this one proves to be most reasonable. Through careful examination of fossil remains found in the ground, a striking similarity can be drawn between humans and primates. Studying the skull itself produces enough characteristics to directly link the two. By looking at the size of the cranium and the shape of the brain cavity, a person educated in this field would be able to tell the age of the subject, the size of the brain, and what species the fossil belonged to. The separation point between man and ape lies not in the teeth or the postural adaptations but the size of the brain, with the largest gorilla brain being 650cc and the smallest aborigine being 855cc, a mean brain volume of 750cc is where the line shall be drawn between man and ape (Keith 205-6). There is a continuing argument on whether the closest living primat... Free Essays on Theory of Evolution Free Essays on Theory of Evolution Theory of Evolution Today’s human being is the product of millions of years of trial and error through the process of evolution. Charles Darwin was the first to bring fourth the idea of evolution. His theory involved the instance of natural selection. However he could not explain exactly how natural selection worked, he just knew that it existed. The scientific world was much more receptive than the religious world to this idea. Many scientists questioned the precision of his theory but they did believe something similar was involved. The devout Christians believed man was merely placed here by God, that there was no ladder to climb for man to be what he is today. In addition to the numerous amounts of fossils found to back up the theory of evolution, science draws similarities between man and his closest relatives the primates, which consist of monkeys, chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas. Primatology is the study of these primates and their relationship to the human race. Evolution i s the most logical explanation for mans place on earth. Though all religions have their own theory of creation this one proves to be most reasonable. Through careful examination of fossil remains found in the ground, a striking similarity can be drawn between humans and primates. Studying the skull itself produces enough characteristics to directly link the two. By looking at the size of the cranium and the shape of the brain cavity, a person educated in this field would be able to tell the age of the subject, the size of the brain, and what species the fossil belonged to. The separation point between man and ape lies not in the teeth or the postural adaptations but the size of the brain, with the largest gorilla brain being 650cc and the smallest aborigine being 855cc, a mean brain volume of 750cc is where the line shall be drawn between man and ape (Keith 205-6). There is a continuing argument on whether the closest living primat...

Helicobacter pylori (Microbiology CS3) Case Study

Helicobacter pylori (Microbiology CS3) - Case Study Example It is also believed to be the etiologic agent for peptic ulcers, gastritis and other gastric disorders (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). H. pylori produces several key enzymes that enable it to survive in the host. The enzyme, urease, catalyses the breakdown of urea, which is abundantly available in the stomach, into ammonia and bicarbonate (Helicobacter Foundation, 2006). The resulting ammonia surrounds the bacteria, proving a basic (low pH) environment that protects the bacteria from stomach acid. Another enzyme, superoxide dismutase, protects the bacteria from being killed by macrophages and polymorhonuclear leukocytes by breaking down the dismutase produced by them (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). Catalase protects the bacteria from hydrogen peroxide produced by phagocytes (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, H. pylori infection afflicts almost two-thirds of the entire population of the world (CDC, 2005). Developing countries have a higher incidence of H. pylori infection than developed countries (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). The infection is more prevalent among lower socio-economic groups and in older adults (CDC, 2005). In the US, Hispanics and African Americans are found to be the most affected (CDC, 2005). The rate of acquisition of the infection differs greatly, both within and across countries (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). The bacteria first adhere to the mucin in the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa (Mobley, Mendz and Hazell, 2001). By altering the rheological properties of the mucus gel, the bacteria coats the lining of the stomach wall (Celli et al. 2009). It then generates a cloud of ammonia around itself to achieve low pH for protection from stomach acid. The ammonia is produced by the hydrolysis of urea. The bacteria also produces phospholipase A that degrades cell membranes by breaking down phospholipids (Mobley,

Trying to make superior trading returns using tecnical analysis or Essay

Trying to make superior trading returns using tecnical analysis or fundamental analysis of shares is self-defeating - Essay Example In comparison to their peaks at the end of 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index and the DAX index have dropped almost 50% in value. Considering recent events many investors have reconsidered the concept of fair value of a stock and the efficiency of techniques used. In addition to this, the approach applied by many academics on Technical and Fundamental Analysis1 and of Efficient Market Hypothesis theory, rather than on how to forecast, has induced us to base the structure of this essay on a similar approach. Therefore in Section 1, 2 and 3 after providing a brief overview of FA and of TA the EMH theory, we have explored alternative views and discussed the validity of the statement in object. After illustrating the need for analysts to create efficiency in Section 4 we have explored the extent to which FA, TA or EMH may be essential to achieve market efficiency. Finally, after examining in Section 5 the Stiglitz-Grossman paradox, in Section 6, we have explored anomalies and i nvalidities of EMH and presented our conclusions. FA found its existence in the firm-foundation theory developed in the 1930s though it was later popularised by Graham. Its purpose is to find and explore all economic variables measuring different economic circumstances and influencing the future earnings of an economic asset. Clearly the philosophy behind FA is that in the end, when enough traders realize that the market is not correctly pricing the asset, the market mechanism of demand/supply, will force the price of the asset to converge to its fundamental value. Early writers on the subject of security analysis assumed that the essence of investing was to determine the "true," "intrinsic," or "fundamental" value of a security and that this value could differ from the current market price. Graham and Dodd (1934) first highlighted the concept of the intrinsic value of a security as a

Skills for Intercultural Communication

Skills for Intercultural Communication Introduction: Culture can be defined as the quality in an individual or society that emerges from a sympathy toward what is viewed as astounding in expressions, letters, behaviour, insightful interests, and so forth while the communication is described as the conferring or trading of data by talking, composition, or utilizing some other medium. Intercultural communication is a type of correspondence that means to impart data crosswise over diverse societies and cultural gatherings. It is used to show the extensive variety of correspondence courses of action and issues that rise-up in an association made up of people from diverse religious, social, ethnic, and belonging from distinct educational backgrounds. Body: The essential skills of intercultural communication are in a far-reaching way general communication abilities that might be utilized all around by all societies and races. These skills are basically tweaked in a course that looks into the cultural constraints. A simple idea as an example of such communication abilities in the intercultural environment is to listen without judging, rehash what you comprehend, affirm implications, give proposals and recognize a shared comprehension (Kwintessential.co.uk, 2014). In doing vast research, numerous researchers have recognized different fields and themes they consider critical for study in the field of intercultural communication. A few researchers (e.g., Gudykunst, 1987; Rich, 1974; Stewart, 1978) set a general research scope for the study while others (e.g., Hu, 2004; Jia, 1997; Watchman, 1990; Samovar, Doorman, Stefani, 2000) accept the more particular variables ought to be inspected in intercultural communication research. The general contents for doing research are made by Rich (1974). He discussed that the contents of intercultural communication might be arranged into five structures: intercultural communication, global communication, interracial communication, between ethnic or minority communication, and contractual communication. Gudykunst (1987) keeps up that intercultural communication research ought to incorporate four classifications: intercultural communication, culturally diverse communication, universal communication and similar mass correspondence. Another researcher Stewart (1978) focuses out that the research of intercultural communication ought to deal in genuine circumstances hurdles faced by people belonging from different backgrounds, which pointed out to arrange training programs for creating sense of humanity b/w intercultural diversified people. He expresses that training for intercultural communication ought to lead the trainees through nine phases of progressive change, empowering them to see an alternate culture all the more in a detailed way. As discussed above some contents of intercultural communication some additional contents were also brought into consideration as some different researchers (e.g., Hu, 2004; Jia, 1997; Doorman, 1990; Samovar et al., 2000) think that the research on intercultural communication ought to manage more particular variables influencing the nature of intercultural communication. Watchman (1990) separated those variables into eight components: attitudes, social organization, patterns of thought, roles and role expectations, language, space, time, and nonverbal expression. Later, Samovar et al. (2000) categorized the eight components into four general associating gatherings: observation, verbal methods, nonverbal methodologies and context oriented components. It is on the grounds that all these components could be distinguished, dissected and classified that the exploration of intercultural communication can be led (Jia, 1997). In this manner, the principle concern of these researchers is to an alyse the components that may impact intercultural communication and attempt to decide how to uproot the obstructions faced during communication created by contrasts in dialect, sustenance, and dress, social cultural practices. In a pileup, regardless of what different researchers have made on the characterization of intercultural communication research contents, it is by and large concurred that the investigation of intercultural communication expects to comprehend the impact of society on our mentality, convictions and practices with a specific end goal to diminish misconceptions that come about because of social cultural varieties (Chen Starosta, 1997). To put it all the more basically, intercultural communication exploration ought to be concerned with the particular contents influencing genuine intercultural communication in genuine living, regardless of whether it is in regards to intercultural, culturally diverse, interracial or between ethnic correspondences. As to every individual component, there exist some marginally diverse perspectives on what precisely ought to be inspected. In this study, taking into account the genuine research of the gathered information, we receive the classification proposed by Hu (2005) as a kind of perspective to order the research contents of the gathered articles. In his study, Hu (2005) arranged the intercultural communication research contents into the accompanying five classifications: summary, theory and research methods, cultural comparison and contrast, intercultural adaptation and training, special topics. Among the five classes, some special and worth-noticing points refer to the articles that dont have a place with any of the other four classifications (Hu, 2010). People are doing communication since four million years. Then again, the conception of culture is assessed to have taken place around 35,000 years prior. Today, both society and communication have advanced significantly and have gotten to be related of each other, to the point that communication is thought to be a result of culture. Accordingly, our own particular culture has a profound effect on our considerations and practices. Since each one has its unique viewpoints, intercultural communication might be the reason for clash and issue. There are three principle issues which are at the foundation of the issue of intercultural miscommunication: dialect as an obstruction, social differences and ethnocentrism. We will discuss these three ideas in circumstances in which intercultural communication is usual, for example: the work environment, the classroom and entertaining trips. The way individuals communicate differs broadly between, and even inside, societies. One part of communication style is dialect use. Language has dependably been seen as a connection between individuals however it can additionally constitute a boundary. Crosswise over societies, a few words and expressions are utilized as a part of distinctive ways. Besides, correspondence between societies which dont have the same language is extensively more troublesome. Each one in a society has its unique language structure, interpretations and structure which causes complexity in intercultural communication. Case in point, in Asian nations the saying no is seldom utilized, with the goal that yea can signify no or maybe. Subsequently, an American flying out to Japan may be viewed as inconsiderate in the event that he disregards this standard. Besides, people who are not happy with a certain language may not be considered important (StudyMode, 2014). The issues in intercultural communication normally originate from problems in message transmission. In correspondence between individuals of the same society, the individual who gets the message deciphers it focused around qualities, convictions, and desires for conduct like those of the individual who sent the message. At the point when this happens, the way the message is deciphered by the beneficiary is liable to be reasonably like what the speaker planned. On the other hand, when the recipient of the message is an individual from a different society, the beneficiary uses data from his or her society to translate the message. The message that the collector deciphers may be altogether different from what the speaker proposed. Attribution is the methodology in which individuals search for a clarification of someone elses conduct. When somebody doesnt comprehend an alternate, he/she generally accuses the disarray for the others ineptitude, double dealing, or madness. Successful communication relies on the casual understandings among the gatherings included that are focused around the trust created between them. At the point when trust exists, there is verifiable seeing inside communication, social contrasts may be disregarded, and issues could be managed all the more effectively. The significance of trust and how it is created and conveyed differ crosswise over social orders. Also, a few societies have a more noteworthy inclination to be trusting than others. Nonverbal communication is conduct that uses without words however it regularly may join by words. Nonverbal correspondence has been indicated to record for somewhere around 65% and 93% of deciphered correspondence. Minor varieties in non-verbal communication, discourse rhythms, and dependability frequently cause doubt and misperception of the circumstances among culturally diverse gathering. In the 1980s Geert Hofstede found 5 major measurements of national cultures that might be seen to outline diverse values in distinctive national societies. These qualities may have outcomes for how individuals in diverse societies carry on, and how they will possibly act in a work related context. One of these qualities is independence vs. cooperation. In individualistic societies individuals are required to depict themselves as people, who look to fulfil singular objectives and needs. In collectivist societies, individuals have more prominent stress on the welfare of the whole gathering to which the individual has a place, where individual needs, needs and dreams are frequently situated aside for the benefit of everyone(Geert, 2001). Conclusion: Taking everything into account, it might be expressed that there are new and developing progressions going ahead in the field of interchanges coming about because of changing demographics of the groups in which the business society must work. An alternate energy, which is changing the way business correspondence behaviour of individuals, learning recovery and capacity and additionally the route in which societies are continuously directed, is the appearance of new evolved technologies. The expert communication environment ought to, be examined and has expected a far expanding level of importance in the present age(Anon, 1999). References: Kwintessential.co.uk, (2014).An Introduction to Intercultural Communication | articles | cultural services. [online] Available at: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/introduction-intercultural.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Hu, Y. (2010).International Journal of Intercultural Relations, (35), pp. 555. StudyMode, (2014).Problems in Intercultural Communication by Study mode. [online] Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Problems-In-Intercultural-Communication-25747.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Geert, H. (2001).What are Geert Hofstedes 5 Cultural Dimensions?. [online] Businessmate.org. Available at: http://www.businessmate.org/Article.php?ArtikelId=4 [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Anon, (1999).Appreciating the Diversity in Multicultural Communication Styles. [online] Available at: http://static.highbeam.com [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Annotated bibliography: First and foremost journal endeavours to offer a reaction, from a general point of view, to the inquiry of how culture uncovers itself in the application of qualitative research in intercultural communication. When we come across the expression culture it is most important to remember that culturally credited social cooperation methods are themselves the after effect of socially built methodologies. They are some piece of an individual-aggregate persuasion with numerous potential implications, which are rising and in steady reformulation from a wide collection of social and cultural points of view. A significant part of the research in intercultural correspondence has been administered towards the investigation of these frameworks of socially related implications. it offers the role of culture in communication among diversified people (Aneas and Sandà ­n, 2009). In the first referenced journal. an inquiry is tended to that how culture is conceptualized and shows itself in the application of qualitative system. With this goal we endeavour to summarize the research done from the field of intercultural and diverse communication which we feel may be of assistance in moving towards the important conceptualization in an essay. It is additionally kept in mind while writing the essay that the points discussed here will empower us to investigate, from a general viewpoint, the relationship between culture and probably the most critical parts of qualitative exploration (Adamopolous, 2011). The second journal used for doing an essay discuss some of the important thing out of which few points are discussed here in abstractive form. The globalized world nowadays is identified by an always developing number of contacts bringing about correspondence between individuals with diverse etymological and social foundations. This correspondence happens in view of contacts inside the territories of business, military collaboration, science, instruction, mass-media, and diversion, tourism additionally as a result of migration realized by work lack or political clashes. In all these contacts, there is cultural communication which needs to be as useful as could be expected under the circumstances, without mistaken assumptions and breakdowns. It is our conviction that exploration on the way of semantic and cultural similitude and contrasts here can play a positive and productive part(Allwood, 2014). Third research journal discuss more about intercultural communication in a brief way which is summarized here as we have now started to see that there is not a solitary, basic meaning of culture and that, indeed, distinctive journalists characterize culture in truly diverse courses (as variable, as capacity, as procedure, as force). Actually, how one sees and studies culture, a few scholars say, has moral ramifications some individuals see the way others study. Intercultural correspondence truly implies that when individuals from two separate societies correspond with one another. Numerous researchers have decided to break intercultural communication research into two primary sorts, generally like Emic and Etic. Essentially emic incorporates a research that focus on a culture from that cultures own particular viewpoint, typically intimating the utilization of perception, qualitative, or other open-ended exploration to confirm that point of view while etic is the research done that uses an external theories or general systematic frameworks to translate the code of conduct, world perspective, and so on., in a specific culture (Baldwin, 2004). Fourth journal article discuss by arguing that that the intercultural communication is critical to be considered in universal organizations as it analyses how individuals from distinctive cultures, convictions and religions meet up to work and correspond with one another. Need for understanding and adopting intercultural communication is expanding as more organizations go worldwide or global. They understand that there are obstructions and confinements when entering an outside domain. Without the assistance of intercultural communications they can unknowingly cause perplexity and make sever mistakes. For these intercultural organizations to rupture the social obstructions experienced when going into international grounds it is key for them to completely comprehend the cultural contrasts that exist to stop harming business relations because of gaps among people due to intercultural communication. There are numerous speculations that standardized some rules to help in the understanding of intercultural communication. These rules help in preventing ignorance between diversified cultural gatherings which results due to misunderstanding lack of knowledge (Kwintessential.co.uk, 2014). Fifth journal used to write an essay is written is Yanhong Hu in which he says that the increasing rate globalization in the world has expanded individuals need to be included in worldly activities in such fields as education, business, pharmacy, religion and even the military. Indeed, individuals with diverse cultural foundations are getting to be more related on one another, and the term intercultural communication is no more new to them. Keeping in mind the end goal to instruct individuals to create sense of understanding for respect of cultures of one another and outfit them with powerful and proper relational abilities in their intercultural experiences, the scholarly research of intercultural communication has developed and excited dynamic enthusiasm among analysts in this field. Numerous researchers and specialists have wandered profound into the field and created a interesting different themes identified with intercultural communications. Rather than the inspecting and investigating so many published books, articles peer-reviewed journals, there is moderately minimal precise data on the flow pattern of intercultural communication research at both local international levels. Locally, a few researchers have done some general research about the facts on intercultural communication. Though those studies may be instructive, they give off an impression of being generally individual perspectives and recommendations but not based on information based data. Two related studies are directed separately by ShiyongPeng (2005) and Wenzhong Hu (2005). His article on the exploration of intercultural communication is information based; on the other hand, what is needed to be discussed in this article is the detailed studies of the locally-based information demonstrating what sort of methodologies are adopted in their papers by Chinese intercultural communication specialists which is the thing that this study means to analyse (Hu, 20 10). References: Aneas, M. and Sandà ­n, M. (2009). Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Communication Research: Some Reflections about Culture and Qualitative Methods.Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, [online] 10(1). Available at: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1251/2738 [Accessed 6 Sep. 2014]. Adamopolous, John Lonner, Walter (2001). Culture and psychology at a crossroad: Historical perspective and theoretical analysis. In David Matsumoto (Ed.),The handbook of culture and psychology(pp.11-34). New York: Oxford University Press. Allwood, J. (2014). Journal of Intercultural Communication, (35). Baldwin, J. (2004). Assumptions behind communication theories: Reality, knowledge, and values., pp.21-34. Kwintessential.co.uk, (2014). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication | articles | cultural services. [online] Available at: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/introduction-intercultural.html [Accessed 7 Sep. 2014]. Hu, Y. (2010). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, (35), pp.554-555.

Gun Control Essay

â€Å"Should Private Gun Ownership Be Banned?† Widespread gun ownership in a community could provide a general deterrent to criminal predation, lowering the risk to owners and non-owners alike. But widespread gun ownership could also lead to increased risks of various sorts, including the possibility that guns will be misused by the owners or transferred to dangerous people through theft or unregulated sale. Whether the social costs of gun ownership are positive or negative is arguably the most fundamental question for the regulation of firearms in the United States. Gun control laws and policy vary greatly around the world. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, have very strict limits on gun possession while others, such as the United States, have relatively modest limits. In some countries, the topic remains a source of intense debate with proponents generally arguing the dangers of widespread gun ownership, and opponents generally arguing individual rights of self-protection as well as individual liberties in general. So me in the United States view gun ownership as a civil right (Snyder i-ii), where the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of citizens to keep and bear arms. One of the earliest U.S. gun-control legislation at the state level were the black codes (laws that replaced the pre Civil War era slave codes which, among other things, prohibited black ownership of firearms) in an attempt to prevent blacks’ having access to the full rights of citizens, including rights guaranteed under the Second Amendment (Halbrook 108). Laws of this type later used racially neutral language to survive legal challenge, but were expected to be enforced against blacks rather than whites. Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012, where 20 young children were killed, Wayne LaPierre, vice-president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) proposed, at an NRA press conference, that the solution to such tragedies is to place armed officers in schools, saying: â€Å"The only way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun† (Washington post). LaPierre blamed the media, politicians in favor of gun-free zones, U.S. mental health services, and violent movies and video games for the shooting. He introduced an NRA-backed proposal to put armed guards in all schools in the U.S., which he called the National Model School Shield Program. In January 2013, the Newtown school board voted unanimously to ask for police officer presence in all of its elementary schools. A 2004 review by the National Research Council concluded that, â€Å"higher rates of household firearms ownership are associated with higher rates of gun suicide, that illegal diversions from legitimate commerce are important sources of crime guns and guns used in suicide, that firearms are used defensively many times per day, and that some types of targeted police interventions may effectively lower gun crime and violence† (Welford). Another review conducted in 2011 by the Firearm Injury Center at Penn determined that, â€Å"the correlation be tween firearm availability and rates of homicide is consistent across high income industrialized nations: in general, where there are more firearms, there are higher rates of homicide overall†. A 2004 review of the literature conducted by researchers at the Harvard Injury Control Research Center similarly found that, â€Å"a broad array of evidence indicates that gun availability is a risk factor for homicide, both in the United States and across high-income countries† (Homicide – Firearms Research). Reviews by the HICRC also assessed variation in gun ownership and violence in the United States and found that the same pattern held: states with higher gun ownership had higher rates of homicide, both gun-related and overall. A review published in 2011 found that the health risks of a gun in the home are greater than the benefits, based on evidence that the presence of guns increases the risk of completed suicides and evidence that guns increase the intimidation and murder rate of women (Hemenway 502). The researchers found no credible evidence that guns in the home reduce the severity of injury in a break-in or confrontation or act as a deterrent of assault. A p revious study (2003) had similarly found that the presence of a gun in the home significantly increased the risk of suicide and adult homicide (Wiebe 12). A number of studies have examined the correlation between rates of gun ownership and gun-related, as well as overall, homicide and suicide rates internationally. Martin Killias, in a 1993 study covering 21 countries, found that there were significant  correlations between gun ownership and gun-related suicide and homicide rates. Gun control has a serious public health, political and economic concerns that need to be addressed respectively. HEALTH/SAFETY Every year, more than two thousand people die in the United States from gun-related injuries. The population groups most affected by these avoidable deaths are children and young adolescents. The misuse of firearms is a problem worldwide, of course. However, the incidence of firearm use does vary from country to country. According to the United Nations Report on Firearm Regulation, Crime Prevention, and Criminal Justice (1997), the United States has â€Å"weaker firearm regulations and higher numbers of deaths involving firearms than all other industrialized and even most developing nations.† The study also noted that the total firearm death rate in the United States in 1995 was 13.7 per 100,000 people, â€Å"three times the average rate among other responding countries and the third highest, after Brazil and Jamaica†. More than half the homes in the United States possess firearms, so it is hardly surprising that they rank among the â€Å"ten leading causes of death ac counting for more than 30,000 deaths annually† (Wintermute 3107). While most people have guns primarily for sporting activities, many owners also have them for personal protection and security purposes. The public health approach to violence prevention attempts not only to reduce the occurrence of violence, but also to limit the numbers of fatal and nonfatal injuries when such events occur. To prevent gun-related violence, indeed any type of violence, it is important to understand the dynamics of violence as well as the role of different kinds of weapons in both fatal and nonfatal injuries. Research from around the world indicates that socio-structural factor such as high unemployment rates, ethnic and religious hostilities, political instability, financial inequalities, lack of resources, and economic deprivation increase the likelihood of violence. When guns are readily available in such settings, or where legislation to curb their illegitimate use is lax or inappropriate, injuries are more likely to occur, intentional or otherwise. Individual factors can also precipitate violence, including the use of firearms. Substance and alcohol abuse, mental disorders, feelings of personal i nadequacy and social isolation, and an individual’s experience with violence in the home are  among some of the factors that have been associated with violence. The more guns there are in circulation, the greater the likelihood that they will be misused. Hence, from a public health perspective, it is important to devise strategies which aim to ensure that those in possession of arms use them for legitimate purposes and not for violent or criminal acts. There are a variety of ways of dealing with the problems caused by guns in society, and legislation is one of the methods most commonly used. Franklin Zimring has noted that laws that regulate gun use fall into three categories: those that limit the place and the manner of firearm use, those that keep guns out of the hands of high-risk users, and those that ban high risk firearms. Place and manner legislation sets out to do as it suggests, to limit certain uses of firearms in certain locations. Examples include banning the use of firearms in public places and prohibiting the carrying of a firearm (except for those carried by security personnel and police). This legislation is difficult to impl ement, however, without the active support of the police force, and that support requires additional funding to make sure that police monitor potentially violent events. Successful place and manner legislation has been implemented in the country of Columbia, where firearms are involved in 80 percent of homicides. Here, an innovative gun control intervention was implemented by the Program for Development, Security, and Peace (DESEPAZ), in collaboration with the Mayor of Cali, Colombia’s third largest city. A police-enforced ban was introduced in Cali that prohibited carrying firearms on weekends, public paydays, public holidays, and election days because â€Å"such periods were historically associated with higher rates of homicide† (Villaveces 1206). Media-led information campaigns informed the public of the new gun control measure. On the days when the ban was in operation, police set up strategically located checkpoints in areas of the city where criminal activities were commonplace, and they conducted random searches of individuals. â€Å"During the ban, police policy directed that if a legally acquired firearm was found on an individual, the weapon was to be temporarily taken from the individual and the individual fined. Individuals without proof of legally acquiring the firearm were to be arrested and the firearm permanently confiscated† (Villaveces1206). Denying high-risk users access to firearms is the second type of legislative tool to control gun misuse. In order for this approach to work, the law has to define clearly who falls into the category of â€Å"high-risk user.† The term is usually applied to convicted criminals, those deemed â€Å"mentally unfit,† and to drug addicts. It also applies to minors. Such legislation attempts to make it difficult for members of these groups to possess a firearm. Every year, in developed and developing countries across the globe, thousands of children and young adolescents die while playing with loaded guns. Additionally, studies have shown that adolescents are vulnerable in terms of firearm misuse and successful suicide attempts. In the United States between 1965 and 1985 â€Å"the rate of suicide involving firearms increased 36 percent, whereas the rate of suicide involving other methods remained constant. â€Å"Among adolescents and young adults, rates of suicide by firearms doubled during the same period† (Kellermann 467). Restricting minors the access to have weapons can help to reduce these events. Many states now attempt to prevent high-risk groups from obtaining firearms by identifying â€Å"ineligible† individuals before they can acquire a gun. Minors would obviously fall into this category. â€Å"The screening system included in U.S. legislation known as the Brady Bill which permits police to determine whether a pros pective gun purchaser has a criminal record. If the check turns up nothing the purchaser can obtain the gun† (Zimring 53). The third legislative strategy used to combat the misuse of firearms is to introduce legislation regulating the use of very dangerous weapons. Such â€Å"laws limit the supply of high risk weapons† and â€Å"can complement the strategy of decreasing high risk uses and users† (Zimring 53). Such supply reduction laws â€Å"strive to make the most dangerous guns so scarce that potential criminals cannot obtain them easily† (Zimring 52). They also set out rigid requirements that must be met to prove that possession of such a weapon is necessary. Sawed-off shotguns, machine guns, and certain military devices are the kinds of weapons covered by this type of legislation. Research into this area in the United States has shown that states in which such strict laws operate have lower levels of violent crime than states that do not. Another means of legislating for firearm misuse is to introduce stiff penalties for criminals caught using firearms. â€Å"More than half of t he states in the USA have passed such laws. This approach is popular with gun owners because the penalties concern only gun related crime and place no restrictions on firearm ownership† (Zimring 52). ECONOMICS After the school massacre in Newtown, everyone has been putting out proposals for how to reduce gun violence. President Obama created an inter-agency task force. The NRA asked for armed guards in every school and now economists are weighing in with their own, number-heavy approaches (Washington post). In the United States, there are an average of 32,300 deaths (the majority of which are suicide) and approximately 69,000 injuries annually most common in poor urban areas and frequently associated with gang violence, often involving male juveniles or young adult males, with an estimated annual cost of $100 billion(Bjerregaard and Alan 37). American society remains deeply divided over whether more restrictive gun control policies would save lives and prevent injuries. Scholars agree the rate of gun violence in the United States is higher than many developed OECD countries that practice strict gun control. The United States’ low life expectancy (relative to other wealthy countries) may be attributable to guns, with a reduction in average American lifespan of 104 days (Lemaire, 359). Disagreement exists among academics on the question of whether a causal relationship between gun availability and violence exists, and which, if any, gun controls would effectively lower gun related violence. Cook and Ludwig created a data set that used the number of suicides by firearm in a county as a proxy for gun ownership and checked it against a variety of existing survey data. They figured out the â€Å"social cost† of owning a gun. The two economists determined that a greater prevalence of guns in an area was associated with an increase in the murder rate, but not other types of violent crimes (guns, the authors argue, lead to â€Å"an intensification of criminal violence†). Why does this happen? One possibility: The two economists found evidence that if there are more legal guns in an area, it’s more likely that those guns will be transferred to â€Å"illegal† owners. When the two economists added up the costs of gun ownership, more injuries and m ore homicides and weighed them against various benefits, they concluded that the average household acquiring a gun imposed a net cost on the rest of society of somewhere between $100 to $1,800 per year (379-382). Now, normally when economists come across a product that has a negative externality like cigarettes or coal-fired plants, they recommend taxing or regulating it, so that the user of the product internalizes the costs that he or she is imposing on everyone else. In this case, an economist might suggest slapping a steeper tax on guns or bullets. Others  might object that this isn’t fair. There are responsible gun owners and irresponsible gun owners. Not everyone with a gun imposes the same costs on society. Why should the tax be uniform? And that brings us to John Wasik’s recent essay at Forbes. Instead of a tax on guns, he recommends that gun owners be required to purchase liability insurance (Washington post). Different gun owners would pay different rates, depending on the risks involved. Who pays the least for gun insurance would be least likely to commit a crime with it. Economist John Lott, in his book More Guns, Less Crime, provides data showing that laws allowing law-abiding citizens to carry a gun legally in public may cause reductions in crime because potential criminals do not know who may be carrying a firearm. The data for Lott’s analysis came from the FBI’s crime statistics for all 3,054 US counties (Lott 50). University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt argues in his paper, Under standing Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not, that available data indicate that neither stricter gun control laws nor more liberal concealed carry laws have had any significant effect on the decline in crime in the 1990s. A comprehensive review of published studies of gun control, released in November 2004 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was unable to determine any statistically significant effect resulting from such laws, although the authors suggest that further study may provide more conclusive information. Fully automatic firearms are legal in most states, but have requirements for registration and restriction under federal law. The National Firearms Act of 1934 required approval of the local police chief, federally registered fingerprints, federal background check and the payment of a $200 tax for initial registration and for each transfer. The Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibited imports of all nonsporting firearms and created several new categories of restricted firearms. A provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 prohibited further registry of machine guns manufactured after it took effect. The result has been a massive rise in the price of machine-guns available for private ownership, as an increased demand chases the fixed, pre-1986 supply. For example, the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine-gun, which may be sold to law enforcement for about $1,000, costs a private citizen about $5,000 (Stewart). POLITICS Gun politics addresses safety issues and ideologies related to firearms through criminal and noncriminal use. Gun politics deals with rules, regulations, and restrictions on the use, ownership, as well as distribution of firearms. Gun control laws and policy vary greatly around the world. Some countries, such as Australia, the United Kingdom or Germany, have very strict limits on gun possession while others, such as the United States, have relatively lenient limits. Most nations hold the power to protect them, others, and police their own territory as a fundamental power vested by sovereignty. However, this power can be lost under certain circumstances: some countries have been forced to disarm by other countries, upon losing a war, or by having arms embargos or sanctions placed on them. Likewise, nations that violate international arms control agreements, even if claiming to be acting within the scope of their national sovereignty, may find themselves with a range of penalties or sa nctions regarding firearms placed on them by other nations. National and regional police and security services enforce their own gun regulations. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) supports the United States’ International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) program â€Å"to aggressively enforce this mission and reduce the number of weapons that are illegally trafficked worldwide from the United States and used to commit acts of international terrorism, to subvert restrictions imposed by other nations on their residents, and to organized crime and narcotics-related activities. The issue of firearms has, at times, taken a high-profile position in United States culture and politics. Mass shootings (like the Columbine High School massacre, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and Virginia Tech massacre) have continually ignited political debates about gun control in the United States. According to a 2012 CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll, 10% of Americans support banning all guns except for police and authorized personnel, 76% support gun ownership with some restrictions, and 10% support gun ownership with no restrictions. Michael Bouchard, Assistant Director/Field Operations of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, estimates, there are 5,000 gun shows annually in the United States. In 1959, the Gallup poll showed that 59% of Americans supported banning handgun possession. In 2011, the Gallup poll showed that 26% supported banning handgun possession. In 1990, the Gallup poll showed that  78% of Americans supported stricter laws on gu n sales than existed at the time, 17% felt the laws were fine as they were, and 2% supported less strict laws. In 2011, the Gallup poll showed that 43% supported stricter laws on gun sales, 44% felt the laws were fine as they were, and 11% supported less strict laws. In 2001, the Gallup poll showed that 51% of Americans preferred that current gun laws be enforced more strictly. In 2011, it was 60% (Gallup politics). A 2009 CNN/ORC poll found 39% favored stricter gun laws, 15% favored less strict gun laws, and 46% preferred no change. CNN reported that the drop in support (since the 2001 Gallup poll) came from self-identified independents and Republicans, with support among Democrats remaining consistent. There is a sharp divide between gun-rights proponents and gun-control proponents. This leads to intense political debate over the effectiveness of firearm regulation. Democrats are more likely to support stricter gun control than are Republicans. In an online 2010 Harris Poll, of Democrats, 70% favored stricter gun control, 7% favored less strict gun control, and 14% preferred neither. Of Republicans, 22% favored stricter control, 42% favored less strict control, and 27% preferred neither (Krane 1-2). In the same 2011 Gallup poll, 55% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents had a gun in their household compared to 40% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents. Of Republicans an d Republican-leaners, 41% personally owned a gun. Of Democrats and Democratic-leaners, 28% personally owned a gun (Gallup politics). Incidents of gun violence and self-defense have routinely ignited bitter debate. 12,632 murders were committed using firearms and 613 persons were killed unintentionally in 2007 (CDC 89). Surveys have suggested that guns are used in crime deterrence or prevention around 2.5 million times a year in the United States (LaPierre 23). In 2004, the NAACP filed suit against 45 gun manufacturers for creating what it called a â€Å"public nuisance† through the â€Å"negligent marketing† of handguns, which included models commonly described as Saturday night specials. The suit alleged that handgun manufacturers and distributors were guilty of marketing guns in a way that encouraged violence in black and Hispanic neighborhoods. The NAACP lawsuit and several similar suits, some brought by municipalities seeking reimbursement for medical cost associated with  criminal shootings were dismissed in 2003. Gun-rights groups, most notably the National Rifle Association, portrayed it as â€Å"nuisance suits,† aimed at driving gun manufacturers (especially smaller firms) out of business through court costs alone, as damage awards were not expected. These suits prompted the passage of the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA) in October 2005. On January 22, 2013, Congressman Adam Schiff introduce d a bill in U.S. House of Representatives to counter the PLCAA, the The Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act. CONCLUSION Since the days of the pioneers, guns have been around as part of the tradition in countries such as the United States of America (USA), Switzerland and Canada. In recent years, issues concerning the ownership and possession of private guns have become a hotly debated topic in these societies because of the rapid growth of gun crimes. However, guns are still valuable for self-defence. Allowance of private gun ownership can decrease crime rates and a gun abolition policy will produce unwanted outcomes to society. One of the arguments against banning private gun ownership is that allowing private use of guns is effective for self-protection. If a person carries a weapon, it can be used as self-defence against criminals. It is believed that citizens who are unarmed have higher chances to be targeted and assaulted by criminals as most lawbreakers would want to reduce their risks when committing crimes. The supporters of total gun confiscation argue that police who are allowed to carry fir earms will be able to stop the crimes. Americans are finally beginning to have a serious discussion about guns. One argument we’re hearing is the central pillar of the case for private gun ownership: that we are all safer when more individuals have guns because armed citizens deter crime and can defend themselves and others against it when deterrence fails. Those who don’t have guns, it’s said, are free riders on those who do, as the criminally disposed are less likely to engage in crime the more likely it is that their victim will be armed. When most citizens are armed, as they were in the Wild West, crime doesn’t cease. The criminals get better. There’s some sense to this argument, for even criminals don’t like being shot. But the logic is faulty, and a close look at it leads to the conclusion that the United States should ban private gun  ownership entirely, or almost entirely. One would think that if widespread gun ownership had the robust deterrent effects that gun advocates claim it has, our country would be free of crime than other developed societies. But it’s not. When most citizens are armed, as they were in the Wild West, crime doesn’t cease. Instead, criminals work to be better armed, more efficient in their use of guns (â€Å"quicker on the draw†), and readier to use them. When this happens, those who get guns may be safer than they would be without them, but those without them become progressively more vulnerable. Gun advocates have a solution to this: the unarmed must arm themselves. But when more citizens get guns, further problems arise: people who would once have got in a fistfight instead shoot the person who provoked them; people are shot by mistake or by accident. And with guns so plentiful, any lunatic or criminally disposed person who has a sudden and perhaps only temporary urge to kill people can simply help himself to the contents of Mom’s gun cabinet. Perhaps most important, the more people there are who have guns, the less effective the police become. As more private individuals acquire guns, the power of the police declines and personal security becomes a matter of self-help. For the police to remain effective in a society in which most of those they must confront or arrest are armed, they must, like criminals, become better armed, more numerous, and readier to fire. But if they do that, guns won’t have produced a net reduction in the power of the government but will only have generated enormous private and public expenditures, leaving the balance of power between armed citizens and the state as it was before, the unarmed conspicuously worse off, and everyone poorer except the gun industry. The logic is as more private individuals acquire guns, the power of the police declines, personal security becomes more a matter of self-help, and the unarmed have an increasing incentive to get guns, until everyone is armed. The logic of private gun possession is thus similar to that of the nuclear arms race. When only one state gets nuclear weapons, it enhances its own security but reduces that of others, which have become more vulnerable. The other states the n have an incentive to get nuclear weapons to try to restore their security. As more states get them, the incentives for others increase. If eventually all get them, the potential for catastrophe whether through irrationality, misperception, or accident is great. Each state’s security is then much lower than it would  be if none had nuclear weapons. But, as with nuclear weapons, we would all be safer if no one had guns or, rather, no one other than trained and legally constrained police officers. Gun advocates sometimes argue that a prohibition would violate individuals’ rights of self-defense. Imposing a ban on guns, they argue, would be tantamount to taking a person’s gun from her just as someone is about to kill her. But this is a defective analogy. Although a prohibition would deprive people of one effective means of self-defense, it would also ensure that there would be far fewer occasions on which a gun would be necessary or even useful for self-defense. Guns are only one means of self-defense and self-defense is only one means of achieving security against attack. It is the right to security against attack that is fundamental. In other Western countries, per capita homicide rates, as well as rates of violent crime involving guns, are a fraction of what they are in the United States (New York Times). Gun advocates claim it has nothing to do with our permissive gun laws or our customs and practices involving guns. 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